Examination of Clinical Psychology Essay

Clinical brain research is an expansive science that includes therapists guaranteeing the psychological prosperity of a patient. Its center is diagnosing, rewarding, and if conceivable, turning away mental issue. The field of clinical brain science applies to each segment from little youngsters to the old, families or people, and one’s financial status isn't a factor in whether the person ought to get treatment. Clinical brain research manages a wide scope of fortes, including people who have been determined to have clutters, for example, schizophrenia and bipolar issue or the individuals who are adapting to individual issues, for example, being terminated from their work environment or experiencing a separation. Analysts in this field offer patients the chance to voice their dissatisfactions while helping the patient to comprehend and deal with their circumstances in a solid way. Clinical analysts are gifted in utilizing various techniques expected to support patients, all relying upon their specialized topic. History of Clinical Psychology Although set up as a real field in the late 1800s, the investigation of brain research has been gone back similar to 2500 B. C. Back then, ways to deal with looking at psychological wellness incorporated the otherworldly, all encompassing, strict and clinical points of view. Greek doctor Hippocrates, otherwise called the dad of antiquated medication, assumed an extensive job in the improvement of brain research. Hippocrates built up the hypothesis of humors, which expresses that four humors, or organic liquids, are the way to great wellbeing. These liquids were dark bile, yellow bile, mucus, and blood (Plante, 2010). An excess of mucus in the body will make an individual drained and lazy; a lot of blood in the body would cause crabbiness; an excess of dark bile causes despairing, and an excessive amount of yellow bile causes tension. Much the same as present-day specialists, Hippocrates accepted a sound eating regimen and exercise could help in forestalling or rewarding these indications however he was additionally an advertiser of phlebotomy, which basically implied the patient would be drained dry with the aim of restoring the four humors to their regular state. Greek savant Plato firmly accepted that the spirit has through and through freedom and the body will proceed as the spirit wills it to. He felt that psychological maladjustment is brought about by something failing in the piece of the spirit that controls reason and an individual’s absence of mindfulness were the reason for the manifestations. Aristotle kept up a logical accentuation and felt that specific unmistakable passionate states including satisfaction, outrage, dread, and boldness affected the working of the human body (Plante, 2010). Another Greek doctor, Galen, took these points of view and made one of the most compelling clinical projects throughout the entire existence of brain science. Galen had indistinguishable convictions from his ancestors concerning the hypothesis of humors and phlebotomy, and albeit a portion of his thoughts were defective, he had the option to make extraordinary steps in medication with his defenses of unexpected weakness and its causes. With the Middle Ages came an alternate sort of clarification of dysfunctional behavior. During this time, numerous individuals thought the thinking behind anomalous conduct had more to do with heavenly powers as opposed to the body or soul. There were a few, in any case, for example, Saint Thomas Aquinas and Bishop Nicholas Oresme, who didn't accept that psychological maladjustment had anything to do with heavenly powers and effectively guessed that these torments were brought about by physical or mental variations from the norm. In the sixteenth century, Swiss doctor Paracelsus ventured to uncover that he accepted the developments of the stars affected one’s state of mind and grew progressively humanized medicines for the intellectually sick. Resulting to Paracelsus, Juan Luis Vives and Johann Weyer exchanged the focal point of what causes psychological sicknesses from the spirit and otherworldly powers to conduct, and like Paracelsus, supported for others conscious treatment of patients. The Renaissance time and the nineteenth century carried alongside them the reappearance of clinical medicines, leaving otherworldly and strict methodologies behind. It was during this time clinicians discovered that influenced organs in the body could cause ailment and perhaps lead to death. At last, the disclosure of such logical discoveries would introduce another time of clinical brain science and render Greek belief systems a relic of past times. Brain science authoritatively turned into a substantial field in 1879 when German doctor Wilhelm Wundt opened his lab of brain research at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Wundt directed numerous tests in his lab, with an emphasis on human response. His aim was to examine conduct so as to gain a superior comprehension of the brain and its operations by utilizing logical strategies. After four years, Lightner Witmer opened the first sychological facility in Pennsylvania (Plante, 2010). During this time, numerous experts in the field were increasingly intrigued by test brain research and were against the possibility of human conduct being applied to clinical circumstances. In spite of second thoughts concerning the new field, clinical brain research had the option to thrive and has made considerable progress since before restriction. Developing Nature of Clinical Psychology The advancement of strategies for determination and treatment in medication has been described by the continuous collection over numerous time of a huge assortment of dispassionately recorded perceptions (Routh, 2000). With innovation ever-changing to fit the cutting edge measures of today, so too does the field of clinical brain research. New logical forward leaps are made continually with respect to human conduct, the mind and how they identify with each other. To compare with these new exact based discoveries, clinical brain science develops its strategies also. A key factor in this advancement is the huge exertion placed into endeavoring to comprehend the human brain, its irregularities, and where they start from. Present day clinical brain research is the exemplification of logical movement as it improves its techniques for learning however much as could reasonably be expected about the advancing human psyche. Examination and Statistics in Clinical Psychology Research and insights are a basic component to clinical brain research. Examination is utilized to confirm or discredit a hypothesis, while insights are utilized to demonstrate the legitimacy and dependability of a hypothesis. The gathered experimental outcomes help scientists in making accommodating ways to deal with cutting edge medicines for the individuals who need it. With these discoveries, clinicians can assist people with an expansive range of issues, from relationship issues to progressively genuine issues, for example, discouragement or the demise of a friend or family member. Measurements are applied to decide how fundamental the accumulated information is to the exploration led. The two controls consolidated help scientists in growing increasingly valuable methodologies in the treatment of patients. Contrasts between Clinical Psychology and Other Mental Health Professions Some of the contrasts between clinical brain science and different controls are instruction necessities, work obligations and pay. People who want to become clinical analysts must get either a Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph. D. ) or a Doctorate of Psychology (Psy. D. ). The individuals who pick the Ph. D. are centered around the examination of brain research and the individuals who pick the Psy. D. are increasingly keen on working in a clinical setting. The work obligations of a clinical therapist incorporate evaluating an individual’s emotional wellness and attempting to locate the most suitable treatment for that person by investigating the patient’s environmental factors and relational connections. With respect to, analysts can acquire somewhere in the range of $45,000-150,000 every year, contingent upon to what extent the person has been by and by and how effective that training is (Grohol, 2011). To turn into a social specialist, one must acquire a Master’s qualification (MSW) to work in a school or emotional well-being condition. Social specialists help people or families to manage issues, for example, local conflict, social issues, or kid misuse just to give some examples. Contingent upon the subfield, the compensation of a social specialist shifts. Psychiatry is a field that is frequently mistaken for brain research. In spite of the fact that there isn't a very remarkable contrast between the two, psychiatry manages the treatment of the brain while brain research manages the study of the psyche. To turn into a specialist, one must acquire a clinical degree followed by an extra four years of preparing in a clinical office. The one enormous distinction among specialists and clinicians is therapists have the power to endorse drug to his patients just as psychotherapy. Specialists may acquire between $66,000-180,000 every year (Healthcare Salary Online, 2010). Like clinical analysts, school therapists should likewise get a four-year college degree. As the title recommends, school clinicians ordinarily work in school settings assessing understudies and making school intends to fit the student’s needs. In any case, school clinicians are not just restricted to working inside schools. They may likewise work in private work on, giving meetings to instruction based organizations. The pay for this field contrasts, contingent upon the zone. The normal yearly compensation for a 190-day contract ranges from $47,880. 00 to $67,070. 00, while top compensations can surpass $100,000 (National Association of School Psychologists, n. d. ). End To summarize, the field of brain science has made some amazing progress since its underlying foundations in 2500 B. C. Because of doctors like Hippocrates, Plato, Wundt, and numerous other people who had the option to prepare for analysts of today, numerous individuals can receive the rewards and get the assistance that is required. Innovation is ever changing, and with it comes the development of cutting edge ways to deal with dissecting and rewarding the human mind. Albeit the entirety of the controls under brain science may contrast to some degree, they all have the equivalent

Is political art possible In your response, concentrate on three works Essay

Is political craftsmanship conceivable In your reaction, focus on three works with political cases and destinations - Essay Example Especially when the craftsman decides to delineate unmistakable subjects, people in the future of watchers can gather some feeling of how the individuals lived by completely inspecting changes in portrayals starting with one age of specialists then onto the next, looking for intentional distortion of pictures and juxtaposition of components, all of which can give hints concerning the fundamental social and political structures of the time. Endeavors to comprehend these more profound components of workmanship can be improved by going to a more noteworthy comprehension of writing, whose articulation is firmly associated with the ideas fundamental masterful practices. Social scholars and scholastics usually look to writing as a methods for accomplishing more noteworthy comprehension of occasions, for example, monstrous social movements like that accomplished during the post-war period and social hybridity. Since these ideas are hard to characterize or clarify, writing offers the importa nt models and analogies which extension holes in comprehension and suggest new conversation starters to be looked for in the works of art delivered. The possibility of social hybridity has taken on incredible hugeness since the mid-twentieth century as social and social movements provoked by globalization have had expanding sway on our reality. Albeit regularly utilized to allude with the impacts of pre-war expansionism, in which a mechanically prevailing society overwhelms a less evolved country, the ideas that have risen up out of studies into social hybridity have taken on new noteworthiness considering globalization and transnationalism as the craftsman endeavors to delineate the state of mind of a whole country. The ideas and delayed consequences of expansionism turned into a subject of incredible thought during the after war time frame especially inside the scholastic world and have as of late, inside the previous not many decades, become the focal point of various political w orks of art and specialists. â€Å"Colonialism is an act of control, which includes the enslavement of one individuals to another† (Kohn). Initially, expansionism was thought to apply just to the particular activity of moving individuals from a predominant region, similar to England, to another domain, similar to Africa, for lasting purposes. This sort of movement exertion is likewise ordinarily portrayed by the desire that those migrated people will keep on sticking to their home principle ways of life even inside the limits of the new area. At the end of the day, pilgrims were relied upon to stick to their previous methods of dress, conduct styles and watch the social norms of their unique home nation as opposed to endeavor to in with or receive the guidelines of the individuals previously living in the zone. Despite their status in the nation of origin, these pioneers were given the feeling that it was their assignment to persuade the nearby individuals to change their â⠂¬Ëœheathen’ or ‘uncivilized’ ways so they may come into consistence with the colonizing culture’s goals and hence have the option to contend on the 'higher' or 'better' level. In spite of the fact that there were reasons why this purposeful endeavor to supplant whole societies was viewed as legitimate, the endeavor was additionally maybe unavoidable. The act of colonization was viewed as essential to the worldwide network in light of the fact that â€Å"a impermanent time of political reliance or tutelage was important all together for ‘uncivilized’ social orders to progress to where they were fit for continuing liberal organizations and self-government†

I Heart Italian Subs free essay sample

Mmmmm †¦ my mouth is watering simply pondering the grandness that is an Italian sub. The outside is made from a healthy portion of Italian white bread, toasted to flawlessness to have the perfect mix of crunchy goodness. Spilled onto that delightful bread are the oil and vinegar, giving the entire sub its endowment of tart flavor. The tomatoes are so delicious, when you nibble into one, the tomato juice shoots open into a cascade of sound goodness. The fresh lettuce that’s heaped on the tomatoes effectively improves the kind of the whole sub. Presently, we’ll proceed onward to the meats. The ham, sufficiently wet, leaves the most delicious preference for the rear of my mouth. The chewy salami makes me need to party throughout the night, in light of the fact that that’s to what extent the delightful flavor endures. What's more, in conclusion, yet certainly not least, the hot capicola stings me directly back, reminding me to appreciate the flavor while it keep s going. We will compose a custom article test on I Heart Italian Subs or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The provolone cheddar on the highest point of the meats is practically similar to a compartment, containing the whole kind of the sub itself, scattering it with each chomp. Ooh, I need to go now†¦I need one of those subs right away!

John F. Kennedy Inaugural Speech Analysis - Free Essay Example

John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Partys candidate for President, who happens also to be a Catholic. † In this single sentence, he uses a method of Aristotle’s persuasive speech making. One of the greatest examples of using rhetorical strategies is indeed John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address of 1961. John F. Kennedy uses diction, syntax, and Aristotle’s method of persuasion in his inaugural address that not only made it uniquely his own, but made it undoubtedly one of the best, emotion tugging, speeches ever. It was a very cold, icy January day when John F. Kennedy made his inaugural address. He was the youngest president to ever take office. He won by a very small margin. He was the first Roman Catholic president. In this way, he established ethos. The shortness of the speech showed he cared about the audience standing in the freezing temperatures on that wintry day. First, Kennedy uses Aristotle’s rhetorical speech making method–the appeals: ethos, logos, and pathos. He establishes ethos by naming how important God is to him and to the future of the United States. In other words, he is finding common ground with his audience. He also talks as if he as well as all the American citizens are in making this country better together by using words like us and we. He uses ethos by quoting the Bible (Isiah 58:6) to show he has done all the research. He also shows he has thought out every side to the arguments saying he will be a horrible president. He establishes pathos by asking what you can do for your country. He takes every person into consideration by asking what they can do, making everyone feel like they have a part in the country. Diction plays a very strong part in this speech. President Kennedy uses words like: life freedom, poverty, devotion, loyalty, and sacrifice to draw people in. For example, these are all words that can relate to everyone. Everyone can put these words in his or her own perspective. They are very powerful words, and people have their own interpretations of them. He uses metaphors and personification to create an image. For example, â€Å"the jungle of suspicion† and â€Å"those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger, ended up inside. † Both of these can paint a picture in the listener’s (or reader’s) head, and can help them understand what JFK is referring to in his speech. Sometimes President Kennedy uses words that seem old fashioned. He does this because he is the youngest president, and he tries to appeal to the older people to show them he is as mature as any other person who could have been elected president. Syntax helped Kennedy achieve his purpose as well. He used short paragraphs to get his point across. For example â€Å"And, so my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country. † Think of how famous this quote has become! The short sentences make more of an impression. They express more emotion. Complex sentences are also used in this speech. They allow feelings to be built up in sentences. He uses opposites in this speech a lot. For instance, â€Å"Never let us negotiate out of fear. But let us ever fear to negotiate. † This shows he has considered all counterarguments and knows exactly what he wants to achieve while in office and that he is as qualified as any other politician to be the next president of the United States. Aristotle’s rhetorical strategies can help a writer achieve the art of persuasion. John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech is a perfect example of this. In this speech he used the basic rhetorical appeals (ethos, logos, and pathos), diction and word structure, and syntax and sentence and paragraph structure.

Essay on The Basics of Early Childhood Development

â€Å"If you think about the brain and the brain development if we don’t stimulate the brain then of course there is going to be lack of development.† (â€Å"Unruh†). Development is sempiternal in life, it moves through many stages into life such as learning to grasp a fork properly to grasping the thought of death. General development stages begin at birth and last till about age of 18, but the most important development stages start from birth and last till about six years of age. These early stages will affect how one will behave, interpret, and learn throughout the duration of one’s life. While bodily changes are rapidly occurring and the beginning of thought, opinion, and reason are just forming. It is important to understand as future parents†¦show more content†¦(â€Å"Early† 1). Such as encouraging coloring, counting, reading, and writing skills. These are skills that are crucial in helping them through school. There are also other skills that are necessary for interactions in groups like sharing, taking turns, and listening to directions. (â€Å"On†). It is also important to understand that each child learns at their own pace but all of them must pass certain milestones before they can go on to the next. (â€Å"On†). Skills like eating by themselves, walking up stairs while alternating steps, and being potty trained during daily activities are milestones a three year old child should have achieved. (â€Å"Ready†). Then, surprisingly, By age four a child’s intellectual is already halfway developed. (â€Å"Early† 1). He or she should also be intently listening to stories, brushing their teeth, and playing nicely with other children. (â€Å"Ready†). In order to accelerate brain stimulation to aid a child in learning, while their brain is still open and assembling, many may use early interventions. (â€Å"On†). Common interventions used are: occasions to interact w ith other children and adults, more parental involvement, engaging the child in various learning activities and play, and even enrollment in specialized services and classes. (â€Å"On†). As a result development becomes an important topic of research for psychologists andShow MoreRelated Early Childhood Education Essay examples1329 Words   |  6 Pagesprimary-age children and can provide them with opportunities that enrich the learning experience† (Copple Bredekamp 2009). Early childhood education holds two main focuses; a child-based focus and a family-based focus. Early childhood education has positive outcomes on the child through their learning experiences, and their growth and development. Based on the family, the results of early education happen through the communication that the family has with the educators and by the encouragement they getRead MoreEssay on 20th Century Approaches in Early Childhood Education861 Words   |  4 Pagesknow there are many kinds of programs and approaches used in early childhood education? The 20th century was the start of inclusive classrooms and about the idea of education for all. Education in the early preschool y ears boomed with early childhood development programs. While there are many popular approaches, I find that Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner have the reliable strait forward and captivating approaches to early childhood education. Maria Montessori has an educational method thatRead MoreEarly Childhood Education For Children From Low Income Households Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pages Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Educators work in the subset of education that focuses on the infant through preschool age group. 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As an early childhood educator, I believe it is our responsibility to understand children as a whole and base our curriculum according to their needs. As educators we should set up a high quality classroom environment where the child can grow, learn and explore at his or her own developmental level. I believe that as an early childhood educator my goal is to promote the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of each child. Also educators must findRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Events On Infants And Young Children1320 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch regarding trauma has shifted from adults to children. In the past, the impact of traumatic events on infants and youn g children has been passed over when in reality early childhood is the stage when a child is most vulnerable to the effects of trauma (Perry et. al., 1995). There are numerous interventions for early childhood trauma that focus on the child and the child’s primary caregiver. 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Rub - 957 Words

Last Name ____________________ Period ____ Chapter 11 Industrialization Part A 1. In creating contracts, both parties should perceive that the contract that they are entering into voluntarily is beneficial. What do the Maquiladora laws do for Mexico? How do the laws benefit both the USA and Mexico? 2. Why does the author say that the term â€Å"Industrial Revolution† is misleading? 3. In our last unit we learned that the Second Agricultural Revolution was the result of many new techniques and tools, not just the steam engine. Other than the steam engine, what techniques, patents, policies†¦ contributed to the Industrial Revolution? 4. Why didn’t the Industrial Revolution diffuse rapidly from Britain to†¦show more content†¦ee Trade in North America† For each group, explain why they are concerned about NAFTA including Mexico in its bloc: Labor Unions Environmentalist Stockholders of American businesses MaquiladoraShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Back Rub Treatment1640 Words   |  7 PagesBack rub treatment traverses a wide assortment of restorative methodologies, attempting to enhance a person s wellbeing and prosperity through the hands on control of delicate muscles and other delicate tissues of the body. There are three key advantages to rub treatment; physical, mental and enthusiastic. 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Picaresque Novels free essay sample

The term Picaresque was derived from the term â€Å"picaro† which means the same with rogue, rascal, bohemian or an adventurer. The term â€Å"picaresque† in Literature wasn’t created until in the early 19th century, when the novel Lazarillo de Tormes wtitten by an anonymous writer because of its heretical content was published in 1553 and became popular right then. Most picaresque novels incorporate several defining characteristics according to Thrall and Hibbard on their book A Handbook to Literature. Such characteristics are the following: The chief figure is drawn from a low social level, is of loose character, and, if employed at all, does menial work; It chronicles a part of the whole of the life of a rogue. It is likely to be in the first person. The novel presents a series of episodes only slightly connected. Progress and development of character do not take place. The central figure starts as a picaro and ends as a picaro. We will write a custom essay sample on Picaresque Novels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When change occurs, as it sometimes does, it is external, brought about by the picaro’s falling heir to a fortune or by marrying money; The method is realistic. Although the story may be romantic in itself, it is presented with a plainness of language and a vividness of detail such as only the realist is permitted; Thrown with people from every class and often from different parts of the world, the picaro serves them intimately in some lowly capacity and learns all their foibles and frailties. The picaresque novel may in this way be made to satirize social castes, national types, or ethnic peculiarities; The hero usually stops just short of being an actual criminal. The line between crime and petty rascality is hazy, but somehow the picaro always manages to draw it. Carefree, amoral perhaps, the picaro avoids actual crime and turns from one peccadillo to disappear down the road in search of another Those characteristics may then create a surprise for some who have never intentionally written their novel as picaresque. The terms of the picaresque however requires travel, which might have something to do with the title of what is sometimes cited as the first picaresque novel in English, Thomas Nashe’s The Unfortunate Traveller. Other examples of picaresque novels are Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders, Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews, Tobias Smolett’s The Adventures of Roderick Random to name a few. In this paper, the novel written by French writer Voltaire entitled Candide will then be analyzed of whether it contains all the seven elements of a picaresque novel listed above. About the Author Born in Paris, France on November 21, 1694, author Francois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire was known primarily by his pen name, Voltaire. In many ways, he was the most modest and least contemplative of men, certainly among celebrated men of letters who lived during that time. Voltaire discussed philosophy, not himself. He simply could not shake off the notion that it is ill-bred to too much about oneself. However, towards the end of his life, he did compile an autobiography which he published anonymously under the title Historical Commentary on the works of the author of the Henriade. He considered himself as a dramatist, a historian, and a philosopher. In the autobiographical essay, Voltaire said little about himself and the private elements of his life, but instead focused on his epic poems, nearly all his plays, all his historical writings, and much of his poetry. He even mentioned a few controversial pieces of writing that he had previously disowned. But his stories (including Candide) went unmentioned in the essay as well as in the over twenty thousand letters he wrote. His interests extended beyond the society of literature in Paris. He took a greater interest in science and technology than was fashionable for his day, and made it interesting for his audiences. We can infer something of his interest in the explorations of the new world, when Voltaire summed up Nouveau France (an area extending from Labrador in Canada, through all of Quebec and Ontario, surrounding the Great Lakes and extending through the American states drained by the Mississippi river system) as â€Å"a few acres of snow. † It is possible that a number of his acquaintances who had spent a winter in North America contributed to that assessment. Voltaire was anything but a country boy; he lived in and felt sustained by the metropolis that was Paris in the eighteenth century. He died in Paris on May 30, 1778. Summary of the Novel â€Å"Candide† Candide begins in the German town of Westphalia, where Candide, a young man, lives in the castle of Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh. A noted philosopher, Doctor Pangloss, tutors the baron on philosophical optimism, the idea that all is for the best . . . in this best of all worlds. Candide, a simple man, first accepts this philosophy, but as he experiences the horrors of war, poverty, the maliciousness of man, and the hypocrisy of the church, he begins to doubt the voracity of Panglosss theory. In the first chapter, Doctor Pangloss is having an illicit affair with Paquette, a chambermaid. The barons beautiful daughter, Cunegonde, witnesses the affair and decides to try something similar with Candide. When the baron catches them, Candide is kicked out of the castle. Hungry and cold, Candide makes his way to a neighboring town, where he is aided by two soldiers. He is pressed into service and endures beatings at the hands of his superiors. He runs away, coming across war-torn villages in the process and witnessing the horrors of war firsthand. Candide makes his way to Christian Holland, where he hopes to find charity but finds hardhearted people, save one, an Anabaptist, who shows Candide kindness and generosity. Candide then meets a beggar who is suffering from a disfiguring disease and soon discovers that the beggar is Doctor Pangloss. Pangloss recounts his recent experiences, including the death of the baron and his family at the hands of soldiers. In spite of Panglosss condition and the horrors around him, the good doctor still believes in philosophical optimism. The Anabaptist sees to it that Pangloss is cured, and then takes him and Candide to Lisbon via ship. When a storm blows up, the Anabaptist is killed trying to save a sailor; the ship later breaks up, leaving Candide, Pangloss, and the rescued sailor as the only survivors. No sooner do they land on the Lisbon shore than an earthquake shakes the city; in response, church leaders decide to show an auto-da-fe, or act of faith, which includes a sacrifice of people. Pangloss is hanged, but Candide survives, helped by an old woman. The old woman cleans and feeds Candide, and then takes him to Cunegonde, who survived the brutal attack on the barons family. She is living with two powerful men who try to share her affections, and she was responsible for saving Candide from the killings during the auto-da-fe. Cunegondes two men come upon the young lovers, and Candide kills them both. Frightened, Candide, Cunegonde, and the old woman escape to a port city, where a military vessel is loading up for a mission in Paraguay. Candides military training impresses the Spanish general, and Candide is made a captain with command of an infantry. With Cunegonde and the old woman, Candide sails for South America. During the voyage, the old woman tells her story, which is horrific — she has suffered far more than anyone else in the party. Candide begins to seriously question Panglosss theory of philosophical optimism. In Buenos Aires, they meet the governor, Don Fernando, who takes an interest in Cunegonde and asks for her hand in marriage. Candide is heartbroken, but he cannot stay and fight for Cunegonde, because he must flee from police officers who traced Candide to the region. Aided by Cacambo, a valet, Candide escapes and soon meets the Reverend Father Commander, leader of a Jesuit army in Paraguay. The commander turns out to be Cunegondes brother, who was left for dead when his mother and father were killed in Westphalia. The two catch up until Candide reveals that he is love with Cunegonde and hopes to someday marry her; the barons son is so enraged by this notion that a fight ensues, and Candide kills the man. Again, Candide flees with Cacambo and, before long, the two face the Oreillons, who at first nearly kill Candide but soon treat him hospitably. Upon leaving their company, Candide and Cacambo come to Eldorado, a country filled with gold and jewels for which the citizens have no use, because everyones needs are met by the government. Eldorado also has no court rooms or prisons, because citizens treat each other fairly and do not break laws. The citizens of Eldorado believe in God but never pray in supplication — they only give thanks because they have all they need. Eager to find Cunegonde, Candide and Cacambo leave Eldorado with a team of red sheep loaded with gold, jewels, and other supplies. When they reach Surinam, the two traveling companions split up, with Cacambo heading in secret to Buenos Aires to buy the release of Cunegonde, and Candide heading to Venice, where he will not be sought by the police. Candide is victimized by a ships captain, a ruthless man named Mynheer Vanderdendur, and the judge from whom Candide seeks redress. Dejected, Candide advertises a contest for the most unfortunate man he can find; an elderly scholar named Martin wins the contest and becomes Candides new traveling partner. The two head to France, en route to Venice. In Paris, Candide becomes ill and is attended by a variety of people, all of whom want a piece of his fortune. He recovers, but is tricked by an actress into giving away much of his fortune and is eventually arrested by the police, who are suspicious of all strangers. From there, Candide and Martin are sent to England, where they witness more violence, and then finally reach Venice. Through various discussions and wagers with Martin, as well as meetings with a variety of people, Candide comes to lose faith in philosophical optimism. Soon, Candide finds Cacambo, now a slave, who informs Candide that Cunegonde is in Constantinople, working as a servant. Candide buys Cacambos freedom, and the three men travel toward Constantinople. They soon meet Pangloss and the barons son, both of whom were presumed dead, and discover that, back in Lisbon, the noose on Panglosss neck slipped, while the barons son recovered from Candides stab wound. The five set off to find Cunegonde, who is with the old woman and is no longer beautiful, and Candide buys their freedom, as well. When the barons son again steps in the bar Candides marriage to Cunegonde (a marriage Candide no longer desires), the party kills the barons son. Candide marries Cunegonde and buys a small farm with the last of his Eldorado fortune. The entire party — Candide, Cunegonde, Cacambo, Martin, Pangloss, and the old woman — live there together, and are soon joined by Paquette and her companion, Friar Giroflee. They discuss philosophy and are utterly miserable until they meet a happy Turk relaxing under a tree. The Turk explains that he has only a small farm but he is happy because he works it with his children. The farm meets his needs and saves him from boredom and evil desires. Candide decides that this is how his little group will find happiness, and they begin to work their farm. Chapter 2 – Analysis Most picaresque novels incorporate several defining characteristics according to Thrall and Hibbard on their book A Handbook to Literature 7th Ed. In this paper, the novel written by French writer Voltaire entitled Candide will then be analyzed of whether it contains all the seven characteristics. First Characteristic Main character is often of low character or social class. He or she gets by with wit and rarely deigns to hold a job. â€Å"In a castle of Westphalia, belonging to the Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh, lived a youth, whom nature had endowed with the most gentle manners. His countenance was a true picture of his soul. He combined a true judgment with simplicity of spirit, which was the reason, I apprehend, of his being called Candide. The old servants of the family suspected him to have been the son of the Barons sister, by a good, honest gentleman of the neighborhood, whom that young lady would never marry because he had been able to prove only seventy-one quarterings, the rest of his genealogical tree having been lost through the  injuries of time. † (Chap1. Par1) Candide’s mother preferred to raise Candide fatherless than marry a man of lower social status. This quote indicates that Candide lived his childhood with a comfortable life because of the sacrifice done by his mother. Oh, sir, said one of the blues to him, people of your appearance and of your merit never pay anything: are yo u not five feet five inches high? Yes, sir, that is my height, answered he, making a low bow. Come, sir, seat yourself; not only will we pay your reckoning, but we will never suffer such a man as you to want money; men are only born to assist one another. (Chap2. Par5-8) Hungry and cold, Candide makes his way to a neighboring town, where he is aided by two soldiers. The military recruiters he met along the way use Candide’s status to flatter and manipulate him. This is where his suffering sets in. He is pressed into service and endures beatings at the hands of his superiors. That is all I want, said Candide, for I intended to marry her, and I still hope to do so. You insolent! replied the Baron, would you have the impudence to marry my sister who has seventy-two quarterings! I find thou hast the most consummate effrontery to dare to mention so presumptuous a design! Candide, petrified at this speech, made answer: Reverend Father, all the quarterings in the world signify nothing; I rescued your sister from the arms of a Jew and of an Inquisitor; she has great obligations to me, she wishes to marry me; Master Pangloss always told me that all men are equal, and certainly I will marry her. We shall see that, thou scoundrel! said the Jesuit Baron de Thunder-ten-Tronckh, and that instant struck him across the face with the flat of his sword. (15.  5-9) This conversation between Candide and the Baron shows how Candide’s social status makes way for him to not be able to marry the woman he loves. The Baron is more concerned with issues of status than with the worth of Candide’s actions and character. Second Characteristic It chronicles a part of the whole of the life of a rogue or an adventurer. It is most often to be in the first person narra tive. Candide is a youth brought up in the house of the Baron of Westphalia. Driven out of the house after he falls innocently in love with the Baron’s daughter, he undergoes many adventures in various places in Europe and the New World. Some of them are funny, some are sad, and some are eerie. His eyes open to reality. He sees that everything does not happen for the best as the philosophers and metaphysician Pangloss had told him in the Baron’s castle. In Europe as well as in America, he encounters misery. He meets a number of people from various walks of life. He comes across many philosophers ranging from extreme optimism to the miserable pessimism. He experiences the love and total selflessness and also extreme cruelty and selfishness. The novel documents this journey and is written in third person omniscient point of view. It chronicles a part of the whole of the life of Candide as an adventurer though it doesn’t keep up with the characteristic of being written in the first person perspective. Third Characteristic The novel presents a series of episodes only slightly connected. Candide contains thirty episodic chapters, which may be grouped into two main schemes: one consists of two divisions, separated by the protagonists break in El Dorado; the other consists of three parts, each defined by its geographical setting. By the former scheme, the first half of Candide constitutes the rising action and the last part the resolution. This view, according to Williams in his book Voltaire, Candide is supported by the strong theme of travel and quest, reminiscent of adventure and picaresque novels, which tend to employ such a dramatic structure. Fourth Characteristic Progress and development of character do not take place. Candide begins the novel as a perfect innocent believer of his tutor Pangloss’s unwise philosophy about optimism, and completely unfamiliar with the ways of the world. Over the course of the novel though, Candide acquires wealth and even some knowledge about the world, and begins to question his faith in optimism. Yet that faith remains and is frequently reactivated by any event that pleases him. At the end of the novel, Candide rejects Pangloss’s philosophizing in favor of the practical labor that is introduced to him by the old farmer. While this shift in philosophy appears on the surface to be real progress, Candide’s personality remains essentially unchanged. He is still incapable of forming his own opinions, and has simply exchanged blind faith in Pangloss’s opinions for blind faith in the opinions of the farmer. Fifth Characteristic The method is realistic. Although the story may be romantic in itself, it is presented with a plainness of language and a vividness of detail such as only the realist is permitted. According to an article contributed by Paula Johanson in Beachams Guide to Literature for Young Adults, Voltaire was one of the most voluminous writers of all time and he had much to say. He used a larger vocabulary than any of his non-technical contemporaries, and by his clear, flexible precision, he avoided much of the indirectness so often found in French prose. Often, he included extremely technical words in a very readable sentence, to improve the exactness of what was being said. It is almost impossible to translate this story from the French without capturing something of the stilted, formal prose and the satirical tone of the original. Voltaire never lets go of his sense of humor, even when describing acts of torture and barbarism. It is not that he marvels at or laughs at human cruelty; he simply finds it absurd that people think so well of themselves and the world when they do so many terrible things to each other. This sense of humor seems to sustain Candide as well, or at least keeps him marveling at each turn of events. The reader’s interest in Candide is perpetually renewed, despite a series of depressing events alternating with opportunities for adventure. Candide’s good humor is as simple as his earnest willingness to go on breathing and eating even when beaten or beggared. Sixth Characteristic Thrown with people from every class and often from different parts of the world, the picaro serves them intimately in some lowly capacity and learns all their eccentricities and frailties. Candide along with different characters moves from place to place and from event to event. His adventures are tragic, comic, and sometimes uncanny. Some of the most serious incidents are unbelievable yet humorous. It is an adventure story wherein the hero and his colleagues experience earthquakes, pirates, wars, shipwrecks, imprisonment, and also sudden and unexpected rescue. The adventures are sometimes too ridiculous. Hence some of them are unbelievable. Despite his simplicity, Candide is an effective, sympathetic character. He is fundamentally honest and good-hearted. He readily gives money to strangers like Brother Giroflee and the poorest deposed king, and he honors his commitment to marry Cunegonde even after his love for her has faded. Seventh Characteristic The hero usually stops just short of being an actual criminal. The line between crime and petty rascality is hazy, but somehow the picaro always manages to draw it. From the time he was made to leave the castle till the end of the novel, Candide goes through various adventures. He gradually matures from an innocent boy to an experienced and practical man. When he is offered a choice between execution and flogging, he learns that one does not always have a choice between good and bad. One has to sometimes choose between bad and worse. He is terrorized by war and earthquakes. He often starts doubting Pangloss’s theory. He kills to protect himself. His faith is restored though from time to time when he comes across goodness in an otherwise evil society. Through a series of adventures tragic, comic, and eerie, he becomes an experienced mature person. There is sin and sufferings everywhere except in Eldorado. Eldorado is a haven of peace and joy. The king is free from vanity and welcomes him as his equals. Yet he does not stay long on this earthly paradise. He goes in search of Cunegonde. Whenever he is unable to find her he regresses to bleak pessimism. At such times he feels that Martin is right in saying that there is nothing but illusion. Candide often wonders whether Pangloss’s philosophy is right. He questions him whether he thought all was for the best even when he was mercilessly beaten, hanged and dissected. Finally, he politely but firmly rejects Pangloss’s philosophy and also Martin’s extreme pessimism. The Dervish who tells him not to meddle in philosophical questions impresses him. According to him, the three great evils (boredom vice and need) can only be conquered through work. And so Candide is a character that did not really stop short of being an actual criminal. He is carefree, not really amoral and though he might have committed certain crimes, like killing someone for self-defense, he did not really turn from one wrongdoing to another. Chapter 3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Summary Five out of the seven defining characteristics of picaresque novels according to Thrall and Hibbard on their book A Handbook to Literature, are incorporated in Voltaire’s Candide. Those five characteristics are the following: First, the chief figure is drawn from a low social level, is of loose character, and, if employed at all, does menial work. Candide is a youth brought up in the house of the Baron of Westphalia. He was driven out of the house after he falls innocently in love with the Baron’s daughter. He has to suffer in the hands of manipulative soldiers, drunken sailors and he could not win the woman of his interests because of his unstable, sometimes low social status. He never had a real job not right until on the end part that he accepted the notion that through work one can avoid the three great evils (boredom, vice, and necessity). Second, the novel presents a series of episodes only slightly connected. Candide contains thirty episodic chapters, which may be grouped into two main schemes: one consists of two divisions, separated by the protagonists break in El Dorado; the other consists of three parts, each defined by its geographical setting. Third, progress and development of character do not take place. While there was a shift in Candide’s long held philosophy from Pangloss about optimism, Candide’s personality remains essentially unchanged. He is still incapable of forming his own opinions, and has simply exchanged blind faith in Pangloss’s opinions for blind faith in the opinions of the farmer. Next, the method is realistic. Although the story may be romantic in itself, it is presented with a plainness of language and a vividness of detail such as only the realist is permitted. Voltaire used clear, flexible precision of words on this novel. Often, he included extremely technical words in readable sentences, to improve the exactness of what was being said. This story is carefully written to suit both the content and purpose. With a light touch and precise language, Voltaire gives this pleasant story an underlying serious intent. Fifth, thrown with people from every class and often from different parts of the world, the picaro serves them intimately in some lowly capacity and learns all their foibles and frailties. Candide, along with different characters moves from place to place and from event to event. His adventures are tragic, comic, and sometimes uncanny. Despite his simplicity, Candide is an effective, character who readily gives money to strangers like Brother Giroflee and the poorest deposed king, and he honors his commitment to marry Cunegonde even after his love for her has faded. However, the other two characteristics were not incorporated in this novel. Those are: It chronicles a part of the whole of the life of a rogue or an adventurer. It is most often in the first person narrative. The novel chronicles a part of the whole of the life of Candide as an adventurer but it’s written in third person omniscient point of view. And the hero usually stops just short of being an actual criminal. Candide is a character that did not really stop short of being an actual criminal. He is carefree, not really amoral and though he might have committed certain crimes, like killing someone for self-defense, he did not really turn from one wrongdoing to another. Conclusion In Candide, Voltaire follows the tradition of the picaresque novel. The hero along with different characters moves from place to place. He goes through a series of adventures. There is no doubt that Voltaire exaggerates this technique. Tragic as well as comic events are sudden and the coincidences are often unbelievable. Characters who are considered to be dead suddenly make their appearance again in the novel. Thus, the reader is surprised, but such happenings are not very unusual in a picaresque novel.